Lyophilization of human platelets

ABSTRACT

A protectant mixture for use in preserving biological materials comprising at least one polyhydroxy compound, and phosphate ions; a preservation medium comprising a biological material, at least one polyhydroxy compound, and phosphate ions; methods of preserving the preservation medium; and the resulting preserved biological material composition.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.10/657,017, filed Sep. 5, 2003, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/625,735, filed Jul. 26, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,062.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

[0002] This invention was made with United States government support awarded by the following agencies:

[0003] DARPA N66001-02-C-8051

[0004] The United States has certain rights in this invention.

FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The present invention relates generally to preserving and stabilizing biological materials by freezing, drying, and freeze-drying, and more specifically to protectant mixtures and aqueous preservation media for preserving biological materials, as well as methods of preserving biological materials and the preserved biological material compositions themselves.

[0006] The preservation of the structure and function of biological molecules is of fundamental importance to biology, biochemistry, and medicine. Biological materials, such as proteins, enzymes, cells, tissues, nucleic acid, semen, blood and its components, mammalian organs, and foodstuffs must often be stored and preserved for later use. Preservation of these biological materials is usually achieved by either freezing or drying, or a combination of the two processes. There are several commonly-used drying techniques: drying by evaporation into a moving gas stream (ambient air-drying), drying under vacuum at ambient temperatures (vacuum-drying), or drying by contacting a fine mist of droplets with warm air (spray-drying). Simple freezing is often done when drying is either harmful or unnecessary. Certain biological materials are best preserved by freeze-drying (lyophilization), a two-step process in which the sample is first frozen and then dried at low temperature under vacuum.

[0007] The structure and function of most biological materials is dependent upon their aqueous environment. Therefore, changes to their aqueous environment resulting from freezing and drying processes can often have drastic consequences for a biological material. Furthermore, freeze-drying combines the stresses due to both freezing and drying. The freezing step of this process can have undesirable side effects, such as the denaturation of proteins and enzymes, and rupture of cells. These effects result from mechanical, chemical, and osmotic stresses induced by crystallization of ice in these materials. As a result, the activity of the biological material upon rehydration is lost either in its entirety, or to such a significant extent that the material is no longer useful for its intended purpose.

[0008] To prevent or reduce the adverse effects upon reconstitution or rehydration, protective agents, such as cryoprotectants or lyoprotectants (freeze-drying) are used. For such protective agents to be effective, they must be non-toxic to the biological material at the concentrations encountered during the preservation process, and must interact favorably with water and with the biological material. Various protective agents have been used in the art, with varying degrees of success. These include fish proteins, certain polymers, skim milk, glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and disaccharides, such as trehalose. Unfortunately, suitable protective agents and cryopreservation protocols have been developed only for a limited number of systems.

[0009] Disaccharides, such as sucrose and trehalose, are natural cryoprotectants. Trehalose is a particularly attractive cryoprotectant because it has actually been isolated from plants and animals that remain in a state of suspended animation during periods of drought. Trehalose has been shown to be an effective protectant for a variety of biological materials, both in ambient air-drying and freeze-drying. Research has shown, (see Crowe, J. H., Crowe., L. M., and Mouriadian, R., Cryobiology 20,346-356 (1983)), that liposomes dried in the presence of trehalose retain both their functional and structural integrity upon rehydration. U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,771 discloses the use of trehalose, or trehalose in combination with polyvinylpyrrolidone to preserve reverse transcriptase and RNA polymerase. U.S. Pat. No. 5,512,547 discloses the use of trehalose to preserve botulinum neurotoxin. Likewise, U.S. Pat. No. 4,891,319 discloses a method of protecting proteins and other biological macromolecules, such as enzymes, serum, serum complement, antibodies, antigens, fluorescent proteins and vaccine components using trehalose. Specifically, an aqueous mixture containing the macromolecule and trehalose is dried at a temperature above freezing in the presence of 0.05 to about 20% trehalose by weight of the aqueous system.

[0010] However, there are some drawbacks associated with the use of trehalose as the sole cryoprotectant. To preserve many biological materials by freeze-drying, large amounts of trehalose must be used; concentrations of trehalose greater than 60% by weight of a given preservation medium are sometimes necessary. This is costly. Further, a high concentration of trehalose reduces the solubility of other solutes in the system.

[0011] Thus, it has been proposed to use trehalose in combination with a polymeric gelling agent, such as carboxymethylcellulose or carboxyethylcellulose. It has been suggested for human blood that saccharides combined with polymers are even more effective cryoprotectants than pure trehalose. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,661; Sutton, R. L., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 87, 3747 (1991). Unfortunately, attempts to confirm the beneficial effect of the gelling agents have been unsuccessful. (G. Spieles, I. Heschel, and G. Rau, Cryo-Letters 17,43-52 (1996), J. H. Crowe, A. E. Oliver, F. A. Hoekstra, and L. M, Crowe, Cryobiology 35, 20-30 (1997).). Moreover, this protective combination cannot be used for medical purposes, because the polymer gelling agents are not accepted well by the human body. As a result, this combination is not very useful, and does not provide much, if any, practical improvement over the use of trehalose alone.

[0012] Another, more serious problem associated with the use of trehalose is that biological materials preserved using trehalose alone are not storage stable for extended periods of time, especially those stored at superambient temperatures and/or in humid environments. In other words, biological materials preserved with trehalose can lose their activity in a matter of hours or days, depending on the humidity and temperature of the storage conditions.

[0013] Therefore, at present, freeze-drying with trehalose is of limited use for extended term storage of biological materials, such as proteins, enzymes, cells, tissues, nucleic acid, semen, blood and its components, mammalian organs, and foodstuffs, over a wide range of storage conditions, because the material will degrade, and will not have sufficient activity upon reconstitution. From a practical standpoint, this is clearly unacceptable for medical products, as one of the reasons for preserving the materials in the first place is to provide a storage-stable product.

[0014] Nor can many of the various room temperature drying techniques be effectively used at present. These methods, while less complicated and less costly than freeze-drying, are generally more destructive to biological materials. Many biological materials are more prone to gross conformational changes and unwanted reactions when preserved using methods that take place at ambient temperature than when freeze-drying is used. As a result, even where presently known protective agents are used, the activity of many rehydrated biological materials is both unsatisfactory in its own right, and significantly less than if preserved by freeze-drying.

[0015] Thus, a need exists for a protectant mixture that is useful for a wide range biological materials. A further need exists for a protectant mixture that can be effectively used in both freeze-drying processes and drying processes involving ambient-temperature drying. There is also a need for a protectant mixture that is less costly than those presently being used. Finally, and very importantly, there is a need for a protectant mixture that provides stable media for preservation of biological materials over extended periods of time at elevated temperatures and varying degrees of humidity, which can be encountered during shipping and storage of materials, while still retaining a significant amount of activity upon rehydration.

[0016] All of these needs are met by the protectant mixture, aqueous protective medium and resulting preserved biological material compositions of the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0017] It has been found that a protectant mixture for use in preserving biological materials, comprising: (a) at least one polyhydroxy compound, where the total amount of polyhydroxy compound in the mixture is from about 5% to about 60% by weight of the mixture if the mixture is an aqueous solution and from about 10% to about 95% by weight if the mixture is in solid form; and (b) phosphate ions, where the total amount of phosphate ions in the medium is such that the molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound is from about 0.025 to about 0.625, can be used with a wide variety of biological materials to provide an aqueous preservation medium. This aqueous preservation medium can then be used in a multiplicity of preservation processes, including freezing, freeze-drying and other drying processes, such as spray-drying, vacuum-drying, or ambient air-drying, to provide a stable, preserved composition of the biological material of interest. This preserved composition is stable for extended periods of time at superambient temperatures and/or relative humidity. Further, when the preserved biological material composition is rehydrated, the structural and functional integrity of the preserved biological material has been retained to such an extent that the biological material can be used for its intended purpose.

[0018] Therefore, the present invention also provides a method for preparing a preserved biological material composition from the above-noted preservation medium, as well as the preserved biological material composition itself.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019]FIG. 1 is a graph of percent activity recovered from freeze-dried lactate dehydrogenase compositions made using varying amounts and molar ratios of phosphate and trehalose.

[0020]FIG. 2 is a graph of percent activity recovered from frozen lactate dehydrogenase compositions made using varying amounts and molar ratios of phosphate and trehalose.

[0021]FIG. 3 is a graph of percent activity recovered over time from freeze-dried lactate dehydrogenase compositions made using varying amounts and molar ratios of phosphate and trehalose.

[0022]FIG. 4 is a graph of percent activity recovered over time from freeze-dried lactate dehydrogenase compositions made using varying amounts and molar ratios of phosphate and trehalose.

[0023]FIG. 5 is a graph of percent activity recovered over time from freeze-dried lactate dehydrogenase compositions made using varying amounts and molar ratios of phosphate and trehalose.

[0024]FIG. 6 is a graph of glass transition temperatures for various protectant mixtures of the invention.

[0025]FIG. 7 is a graph of percentage of aggregation after freezing platelets with various protectant mixtures of the invention.

[0026]FIG. 8 is a graph of percentage of aggregation after freeze-drying platelets with various protectant mixtures of the invention.

[0027]FIG. 9 is graph of alamarBlue® test results for various protectant mixtures. Column A shows the results for platelet rich plasma with no trehalose. Column B shows the results for platelets with trehalose on the outside of the cells only. Column C shows the results for platelets with trehalose on the inside and outside. Column D shows the results for a protectant mixture of the invention with trehalose and phosphate ion on the inside and outside of the cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0028] The present invention is based on the remarkable discovery that biological materials can be preserved while retaining substantial activity, when the biological material is combined with the protectant mixture of the present invention to form an aqueous preservation medium, which in turn is formed into a preserved biological material composition by subjecting the aqueous preservation medium of the present invention to (1) various drying techniques, including freeze-drying, ambient air-drying, vacuum-drying, and spray-drying, or (2) other preservation methods known in the art, such as freezing. The protectant mixture of the present invention comprises: (a) at least one polyhydroxy compound, where the total amount of polyhydroxy compound in the mixture is from about 5% to about 60% by weight of the mixture if the mixture is an aqueous solution and from about 10% to about 95% by weight if the mixture is in solid form; and (b) phosphate ions, where the total amount of phosphate ions in the mixture is such that the molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound is from about 0.025 to about 0.625. The aqueous preservation medium of the present invention comprises: (a) a biological material; (b) at least one polyhydroxy compound, where the total amount of polyhydroxy compound in the medium is from about 5% to about 60% by weight of the medium; and (c) phosphate ions, where the total amount of phosphate ions in the medium is such that the molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound is from about 0.025 to about 0.625.

[0029] Biological Materials

[0030] A wide range of biological materials can be used with the inventive protectant mixtures to form the aqueous preservation medium of the present invention. This preservation medium can then be subjected to the processes of the present invention to make a preserved biological material composition. These biological materials, include, without limitation:

[0031] (a) enzymes, such as lactate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase;

[0032] (b) proteins, such as insulin;

[0033] (c) serum complement;

[0034] (d) vaccines;

[0035] (e) tissue, including skin, veins and arteries;

[0036] (f) viruses, such as adenovirus;

[0037] (g) mammalian organs, such as the liver, pancreas and lungs;

[0038] (h) blood, and its components, including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets;

[0039] (i) cells, including prokaryotic cells (including bacteria) and eukaroytic cells;

[0040] (j) semen;

[0041] (k) other biological materials, including nucleic acids, and lipid vesicles; and

[0042] (l) foodstuffs.

[0043] The above is merely exemplary of some of the myriad of biological materials that can be made into the preserved biological material compositions of the claimed invention using the protectant mixture, aqueous preservation medium and process of the claimed invention. Any biological material for which preservation for later use is desirable can be used with the protectant mixture, to form the preservation media, which can then be preserved by the preservation methods of the invention to form preserved compositions.

[0044] The biological material may be present at any concentration at which it is preserved. Suitably, platelets may be present at a concentration of at least about 1×10⁸ cells/mL, more particularly, at least about 5×10⁸ cells/mL, and not greater than about 1×10¹⁰ cells/mL, more particularly, not greater than about 5×10⁹ cells/ml.

[0045] Polyhydroxy Compound

[0046] Polyhydroxy compounds useful in the present invention include natural and synthetic monosaccharides and polysaccharides, other carbohydrates, and polyalcohols and their derivatives. Here, “polysaccharides” are defined as saccharides containing two or more monosaccharide units. The individual polyhydroxy compounds can be used singly, or in combination with other types of polyhydroxy compounds. Suitably, the polyhydroxy compounds may be monosaccharides and/or polysaccharides. Disaccharides, such as trehalose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose are all suitable for use in the present invention.

[0047] The amount of polyhydroxy compound present in the protectant mixture, preservation medium, and preserved composition of the present invention depends upon the specific polyhydroxy compounds, and biological material selected for use, as well as the mass of biological material being preserved. This can be adjusted and optimized for a given system.

[0048] Generally, the polyhydroxy compounds are present in the protectant mixture of the present invention in a total amount of from about 5% to about 60% by weight of the mixture, where the mixture is an aqueous solution. Where the protectant mixture is supplied as a solid, for example as a powder, the polyhydroxy compounds may be present in a total amount of at least about 10% by weight of the mixture, more particularly, at least about 20% by weight, and not greater than about 95% by weight of the mixture. Where the protectant mixture is an aqueous solution, the polyhydroxy compounds are suitably present in a total amount such that the total amount of polyhydroxy compound in the mixture is at least about 5% by weight of the mixture, more particularly, at least about 10% by weight, and not greater than about 40% by weight of the mixture, more particularly, not greater than about 30% by weight.

[0049] Likewise, the polyhydroxy compounds should be present in the preservation medium of the present invention in an amount such that the total amount of polyhydroxy compounds in the aqueous preservation medium is at least about 5% by weight, more particularly, at least about 10% by weight, and not greater than about 60% by weight of the aqueous preservation medium, more particularly, not greater than about 40% by weight, and even more particularly, not greater than about 30% by weight.

[0050] In a preserved platelet composition that is freeze-dried, the polyhydroxy compound is suitably present at from about 5% to about 60% by weight. In a preserved platelet composition that is frozen, the polyhydroxy compound is suitably present at from about 0.36% to about 11% by weight.

[0051] It should be emphasized that the above ranges can be varied, for example, depending upon the amount of biological material in the preservation medium and the preservation method chosen for use. It should also be emphasized that the above ranges include a recitation of every value in between.

[0052] Use of the above amounts of polyhydroxy compound in the aqueous preservation medium of the present invention will upon partial or complete removal of liquid water, result in a preserved biological material composition having from about 5% to about 95% polyhydroxy compound by weight of the composition. Again, this amount will depend on the mass of the biological material being preserved, the amount of phosphate present, and the amount of water removed from the system during preservation. The amount of polyhydroxy compound in the preserved biological composition can be determined from the amount present in the protectant mixture and/or aqueous preservation medium. Alternatively, the amount of polyhydroxy compound in the preserved biological material composition can be determined by analytical methods known in the art, such as column chromatography.

[0053] Phosphate Ions

[0054] Any source of phosphate ions can be used in the protectant mixture, preservation medium, preservation process, and preserved composition of the present invention. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the phosphate ions form a complex with the polyhydroxy compound, which may contain several molecules of the polyhydroxy compound in a three-dimensional supermolecular structure cross-linked by the phosphate ions. The aqueous preservation medium has a much higher viscosity than a system containing the polyhydroxy compound alone in the same amount, and the preserved biological material composition has a higher glass transition temperature (T_(g)) than a composition containing only the polyhydroxy compound.

[0055] As stated earlier, the phosphate ions can be provided from any source, including acids and salts. Suitably, the phosphate ions may be provided by sodium and potassium salts. Potassium salts have excellent solubility characteristics at low temperature, and crystallize as anhydrous crystals. A mixture of monobasic and dibasic potassium phosphate is suitable for use in the claimed invention.

[0056] The amount of phosphate ion that is optimal for a given protectant mixture and/or preservation medium depends on several variables, including the specific biological material to be preserved, the amount and type of polyhydroxy compound in the protectant mixture and/or preservation medium, and the amount of biological material in the system. Generally, phosphate ions should be present in the protectant mixture and/or aqueous preservation medium in a total amount such that the molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound is from about 0.025 to about 0.625. Suitably, the phosphate ions are present in an amount such that the molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound is from about 0.0375 to about 0.625.

[0057] In a preserved platelet composition, the polydroxy compound is present in an amount such that the molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound is from about 0.01 to about 0.625.

[0058] The molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound will remain substantially constant throughout the preservation process, resulting in a preserved biological material having substantially the same molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound. Thus, the amount of phosphate ions present in the preserved biological material composition follows directly from the amount present in the aqueous preservation medium. Alternatively, the amount of phosphate ions in the preserved biological material composition can be determined analytically by methods known in the art, including ion chromatography and chemiluminescence.

[0059] The useful amount of phosphate ions can also be determined on the basis of moles of phosphate ion per moles of the polyhydroxy compound by multiplying the above ratios by the number of hydroxyl groups present per mole of the polyhydroxy compound being used. For example, trehalose and sucrose have 8 moles of hydroxyl groups per mole of compound. Therefore, where trehalose or sucrose is used as the polyhydroxy compound, the ratio of from about 0.025 to about 0.625 moles of phosphate ions per mole of hydroxyl groups can be achieved by adding sufficient phosphate ions to achieve a molar ratio of phosphate ions to sucrose or trehalose of about 0.2 to about 5. For trehalose or sucrose, a suitable molar ratio of from about 0.0375 to about 0.625 translates to a molar ratio of phosphate ions to sucrose or trehalose of from about 0.3 to about 5.

[0060] It has been found that the effectiveness of the phosphate ions in stabilizing and preserving the structure and function of a given biological material increases as the molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups increases from zero, but only up to a point (the optimum ratio), after which the use of additional phosphate ion provides no or only a slight increase in effectiveness. As discussed previously, the optimal ratio depends on several factors, including the amount and type of biological material used, the amount and type of polyhydroxy compounds in the preservation medium, the pH of the preservation medium, and the preservation technique to be utilized.

[0061] The use of phosphate ions at a molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound that is higher than that found to be optimal for a given aqueous preservation medium of the present invention may, in many circumstances, still result, upon preservation, in a preserved biological material composition having improved structural and functional integrity, such as improved activity on rehydration, storage stability, or advantages in cost or processing over a preserved composition resulting from an aqueous preservation medium containing only the polyhydroxy compound. The ratio for a given aqueous preservation medium of the present invention can be less than or equal to that resulting in optimal stability and activity upon rehydration. However, an aqueous preservation medium having a ratio greater than that needed for optimal activity of the preserved biological material upon rehydration can also be used.

[0062] Other Components

[0063] The protectant mixture and/or aqueous preservation medium of the present invention can contain other components. For example, they may contain a buffer to maintain the pH of the medium at an optimal value for a given biological material. It should be noted that the phosphate ions in the mixture and/or medium function as a buffer as well, so additional non-phosphate buffers may not be needed. If a phosphate buffer is used, the amount of phosphate ions present in the buffer should be included in determining the molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups of the polyhydroxy compound in the mixture and/or aqueous preservation medium, as well as the resulting preserved biological material composition. The pH at which a given biological material is most stable is known in the art. Generally, the preservation media of the present invention may have a pH in the range of at least about 5, more particularly at least about 6, and less than about 10, more particularly less than about 9.

[0064] The protectant mixture and/or aqueous preservation medium may also contain one or more antioxidants, such as sodium thiosulfate, ascorbic acid, citric acid, and sodium citrate. If an antioxidant is used, it can be present in an amount known to be useful in the art.

[0065] The protectant mixture and/or aqueous preservation medium may also contain other components that may act as drying agents and/or osmoprotectants, such as methanol, ethanol, glycerol and DMSO. These components tend to reduce residual moisture or balance osmotic stresses in the preserved biological material compositions made from the aqueous preservation media of the present invention, which may in some cases result in better storage capability. The protectant mixture and/or aqueous preservation medium may also contain protein, suitably albumin, such as human serum albumin or bovine serum albumin.

[0066] Preparation of the Protectant Mixture, Aqueous Preservation Medium and Preserved Composition of the Present Invention

[0067] The protectant mixture of the present invention can be prepared as follows. The polyhydroxy compound and the source of phosphate ions are added in the desired proportion to an aqueous solution. The phosphate ion source may be dissolved in the solution prior to the addition of the polyhydroxy compound. The mixture may be heated if necessary to effect dissolution. The solution should be mixed thoroughly, until a homogenous protectant mixture is obtained. This protectant mixture can then be stored as an aqueous solution, or can be subjected to various processes known in the art to produce a solid mixture, such as a powder. The powder can be anhydrous or a partially crystalline hydrated material. Where the protectant mixture is a solid, such as a powder, it should be reconstituted with an aqueous solution before it is used to make the aqueous preservation medium of the present invention. However, the solid mixture can be directly added to an aqueous solution containing the biological material to form the aqueous present medium.

[0068] The protectant mixture in the form of an aqueous solution is then added to an aqueous solution of the biological material. If the protectant mixture was prepared in an aqueous buffer solution, the aqueous solution of biological materials is suitably prepared in the same buffer. These two solutions are then thoroughly mixed, to form the aqueous preservation medium of the present invention. If an antioxidant is being used, it is generally added to the aqueous solution of biological material before addition of the protectant solution.

[0069] The amount of biological material used in the aqueous preservation medium of the present invention can be varied as desired, depending upon, for example, the specific biological material to be preserved, the amounts of phosphate ions and polyhydroxy compound present, the preservation technique to be employed.

[0070] The aqueous preservation medium can then be preserved by one or more techniques known in the art, including freezing, freeze-drying, vacuum-drying, ambient air-drying, and/or spray-drying, to provide a preserved biological material composition of the present invention. The resulting preserved biological material composition can be anhydrous, or can be a partially crystalline hydrated material. Suitably, the preserved biological material is substantially anhydrous in nature. Here, “substantially anhydrous” means that the preserved biological material composition contains less than 10% water measured by Karl Fisher analysis.

[0071] Suitably, platelets may be preserved by a two-step process. The platelets are incubated for a period of time in a first medium comprising a polyhydroxy compound and phosphate ions. The period of time varies inversely with the amount of polyhydroxy compound in the medium. For example, if there is about 300 mM trehalose in the first medium, the platelets can be incubated for about 15 minutes, and if there is about 45 mM trehalose in the first medium, the platelets can be incubated for about 3 hours.

[0072] The first, or incubation, medium is removed through, for example, centrifugation. The resulting sedimented cells are resuspended in a second, or lyophilization, medium comprising a polyhydroxy compound and phosphate ions.

[0073] The first medium suitably comprises from about 20 to about 500 mM trehalose and from about 0 to about 90 mM phosphate ions. The second medium suitably comprises at least about 20 mM trehalose, more particularly, at least about 45 mM trehalose, and not greater than about 500 mM trehalose, more particularly, not greater than about 300 mM trehalose, even more particularly, not greater than about 90 mM trehalose. The second medium also comprises at least about 0 mM phosphate ions, more particularly, at least about 5mM phosphate ions, even more particularly, at least about 20 mM phosphate ions, and not greater than about 150 mM phosphate ions, more particularly, not greater than about 90 mM phosphate ions.

[0074] The aqueous preservation medium comprises platelets, a polyhydroxy compound, and phosphate ions. Between the first and second mediums, there are at least about 5 mM phosphate ions. The aqueous preservation medium is then preserved through at least one preservation process. Suitably, that process is freezing, freeze drying, ambient-air drying, vacuum drying or spray drying.

[0075] The aqueous presentation medium for platelets may also contain a protein, for example, albumin. Suitably, the albumin is present in an amount of at least about 1% by weight, more suitably at least about 3% by weight, even more suitably about 5% by weight, and not greater than about 10% by weight, more suitably not greater than 7% by weight. The albumin may be human serum albumin or bovine serum albumin.

[0076] The preserved platelet composition can contain residual water. This residual water is suitably at least about 2% by weight, more particularly, at least about 5% by weight, and not greater than about 10% by weight, more particularly, not greater than about 7% by weight.

[0077] A frozen platelet composition suitably comprises the following: Platelets about 1 × 10⁸ cells/mL to about 1 × 10¹⁰ cells/mL; Trehalose about 10 mM to about 200 mM; Phosphate ions about 5 mM to about 150 mM; Albumin about 5 g/L; NaCl about 142.5 mM; HEPES about 9.5 mM; KCl about 4.8 mM; MgCl₂ about 1 mM; and Water.

[0078] Suitably, the platelets can be present at from about 5×10⁸ cells/mL to about 5×10⁹ cells/mL; the trehalose can be present at from about 45 to about 150 mM; and the phosphate ion can be present at from about 45 to about 90 mM. Suitably, the phosphate ion can be an equimolar mixture of monobasic and dibasic potassium phosphate.

[0079] A suitable freeze-dried preserved platelet composition comprises the following: Platelets about 1 × 10⁸ cells/mL to about 1 × 10¹⁰ cells/mL; Trehalose about 30 to 60% by weight; Phosphate ion about 1 to about 20% by weight; Albumin about 30 to about 50% by weight; NaCl about 5 to about 10% by weight; HEPES about 1 to about 2% by weight; KCl about 0.2 to about 0.4% by weight; MgCl₂ about 0.1 to about 0.2 by weight; and Water about 0.5 to about 20% by weight.

[0080] Suitably, the platelets can be present at from about 5×10⁸ cells/mL to about 5×10⁹ cells/mL; the trehalose can be present at from about 40 to about 50% by weight; the phosphate ion can be present at from about 2 to about 12% by weight; and the water can be present at from about 2 to about 10% by weight. Suitably, the phosphate ion can be an equimolar mixture of monobasic and dibasic potassium phosphate.

EXAMPLE 1

[0081] Various protectant mixtures in aqueous solution form were made in Butterfield's buffer (0.6 mM potassium phosphate buffered water having a pH of 7.2), by adding predetermined amounts of a polyhydroxy compound and phosphate ions, and mixing to form a homogenous solution. A given protect ant mixture was then added to an L. acidophilus cell solution in a 1:1 mass ratio, and the resulting aqueous protective medium was thoroughly mixed and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes. The L. acidophilus cell solution was prepared as follows: concentrated L. acidophilus bacterial cultures having a 15.3 weight percent dry mass were mixed with 1.9% sodium thiosulfate to form an L. acidophilus cell solution and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes.

[0082] Samples of each aqueous protective medium made in the above manner were then subjected to either freezing, freeze-drying or vacuum-drying.

[0083] For the samples that were frozen, the aqueous preservation medium was dripped through a 25 gauge syringe needle into liquid nitrogen. The drops usually formed pellets of 2-3 mm in diameter, which froze completely within about 10 seconds. These samples of preserved cell composition were then allowed to thaw in open atmosphere at room temperature.

[0084] The samples that were freeze-dried were subjected to freezing as detailed above, and the resulting pellets were placed in a Virtis 12EL freeze dryer on precooled shelves at a temperature no greater than −45° C. Additionally, small samples of the preservation medium were weighed to determine their density, and then freeze-dried as a thin layer in glass dishes. These samples were weighed before and after freeze-drying to calculate the amount of water lost by each sample during freeze-drying, and hence to determine the amount of water needed for rehydration.

[0085] All of the freeze-dried samples were subjected to the following freeze-drying protocol, where the pressures and temperatures are set points. After the samples were placed in the freeze dryer as discussed above, the freeze dryer was evacuated with a pressure of 0 mtorr. The samples were held at −45° C. and 0 mtorr for 1200 minutes, after which the temperature and pressure were increased to −40° C. and 20 mtorr, respectively, over a period of 50 minutes. The samples where then held at −40° C. and 20 mtorr for 600 minutes. The temperature was then increased to −35° C. over a period of 50 minutes, and the samples were then held at −35° C. and 20 mtorr for 600 minutes. The temperature and pressure were next increased to −30° C. and 50 mtorr, respectively, over 50 minutes and the samples were then held at −30° C. and 50 mtorr for 600 minutes. At the end of that period of time, the temperature and pressure were increased to −25° C. and 100 mtorr, respectively, over 50 minutes, and the samples were held at −25° C. and 100 mtorr for 600 minutes. The temperature was then increased to −20° C. over 50 minutes, and the samples were then held at −20° C. and 100 mtorr for 600 minutes. The temperature was next increased to −10° C. over 100 minutes, and the samples were held at that temperature and 100 mtorr for 600 minutes.

[0086] The samples were then increased to a final temperature of 40° C. at a rate of 0.5° C./min, at 50 mtorr. The samples were then held at the final temperature at 0 mtorr 18 for 1200-2400 minutes. The freeze dryer was then vented with nitrogen gas, and the preserved cell composition samples were removed, sealed in 50 ml plastic centrifuge tubes, and stored in a 37° C. incubator.

[0087] For the samples that were subjected to vacuum drying, 0.2 ml of the preservation medium was placed in a 1.8 ml plastic micro centrifuge tube. The samples were then placed into a Savant Instruments SVC-100H SpeedVac Concentrator vacuum dryer and rotary evaporated at room temperature for approximately 4 days at a final pressure of 85 mtorr, to obtain preserved cell compositions. The tubes were then sealed, and stored at room temperature in a desiccator.

[0088] At the time the samples were made and subjected to freezing, vacuum-drying or freeze-drying, additional samples from the aqueous preservation media were taken, diluted, and plated on agar medium using a standard pour-plating technique to determine the viable cell number in the preservation medium prior to any preservation process being conducted. First, the samples were diluted to achieve a cell concentration of about 100 cells/ml. One or two milliliters of the diluted preservation medium were then placed in a petri dish and mixed with liquid agar growth medium (15 g/L agar with 55 g/L MRS Lactobacillus Broth and 0.1% L-cysteine) at 45° C. The dish was allowed to cool, solidifying the agar, at which time the dishes were inverted and placed in an anaerobic growth chamber (GasPak jar) at 37° C. for 2-3 days, at which time colonies were visible in the agar. In principle, each colony represents a single viable cell in the preservation medium.

[0089] At various times, portions of the preserved cell compositions prepared by freeze-drying and vacuum drying were rehydrated in Butterfield's buffer. Freeze-dried samples were rehydrated to approximately {fraction (1/100)}th of their original concentration, allowed to incubate for 30 minutes, diluted, and plated as described above. Vacuum-dried samples were rehydrated to approximately ⅕th their original concentration, mixed to fully dissolve the pellet, diluted, and plated as described above. All samples were plated in at least triplicate. For these experiments, time zero is the time at which the samples were removed from the dryers. The preserved cell compositions that were prepared by freezing samples of the preservation medium in liquid nitrogen were plated as described above after complete thawing at room temperature had occurred.

[0090] The results for a given set of samples are set forth below in Table 1, where the numbers represent the percent of original activity that was recovered upon rehydration. The “solution” column provides the amount of viable cells in a given preservation medium, with the amount of viable cells in the “cells alone” sample being defined as 100%. TABLE 1 Vacuum Dried Freeze Dried Sample Solution Frozen Time = 0 9 days 27 days Time = 0 9 days 28 days 64 days 101 days Cells Alone 100 105 0 0  NA³ 56 0 NA NA NA 20% Trehalose + thio 96 97 10 7 NA 44 31 21 5 NA 20% Trehalose + 83 93 27 26 17 69 16 14 6 NA borate(0.3)¹ + thio² 20% Trehalose + 89 88 12 6 NA 55 28 13 3 NA NaH₂PO₄(0.1) + thio 20% Trehalose + 94 88 5 1 NA 45 24  7 0 NA NaH₂PO₄(0.3) + thio 20% Trehalose + 77 95 3 2 NA 51 26  0 NA NA NaH₂PO₄(0.5) + thio 20% Trehalose + 92 86 3 2 NA 71 4 NA NA NA NaH₂PO₄(0.1) + thio 20% Trehalose + Thio + 103 105 51 48 39 84 72 58 17   0 NaH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1.0) pH 5.6 20% Trehalose + Thio + 106 107 4 3 NA 82 65 24 0 NA NaH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1.0) pH 4.9 20% Trehalose + thio + 93 106 52 59 73 82 76 70 67  57 NaH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1.0) pH 6.6 20% Trehalose + thio + 96 104 23 18  5 87 70 47 7 NA NaH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1.0) pH 5.3

EXAMPLE 2

[0091] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, using phosphate, carbonate, or sulfate ions with polyhydroxy compounds in varying amounts. The results for a given set of samples are set forth below in Table 2, where the numbers represent the percent of original activity that was recovered upon rehydration. The “solution” column provides the amount of viable cells in a given preservation medium, with the amount of viable cells in the “cells alone” sample being defined as 100%. TABLE 2 Vacuum Dried Freeze Dried⁴ Sample Solution Frozen Time = 0 19 days 34 days Time = 0 19 days 38 days 74 days 99 days Cells Alone 100 102 2 46 0 NA NA NA 20% Trehalose + thio 83 88 14 18  NA⁴ 52 13 13  5 NA 20% Sucrose + thio 100 103 4 NA NA 80 33 19 20 15 20% Trehalose + 101 90 37 21 21 49 0 NA NA NA borate(0.3)¹ + thio² 20% Sucrose + 93 108 35 27 NA 55 3 NA NA NA borate(0.3) + thio 20% Trehalose³ + 1 59 0 NA NA 27 8 NA NA NA Na₂CO₃(1.0) + thio 20% Sucrose³ + 1 34 0 NA NA 16 0 NA NA NA Na₂CO₃(1.0) + thio 20% Trehalose + 87 92 24 21 18 73 1 NA NA NA Na₂SO₄(0.75) + thio 20% Sucrose ++ 91 86 8 NA NA 66 7 NA NA NA Na₂SO₄(0.75) + thio 20% Trehalose + thio + 85 86 65 61 68 74 54 46 37 26 NaH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1.0), pH 6.5 20% Sucrose + thio + 93 90 51 34 NA 74 43 29 27 12 NaH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1.0), pH 6.5

EXAMPLE 3

[0092] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, using preservation media containing various sources of phosphate ions in varying amounts, and varying amounts of trehalose, with the exception that the freeze-dried samples were dried to 50° C. In addition, the residual water in the freeze-dried samples was measured by Karl Fischer (KF) analysis, and the glass transition temperature (T_(g)) was obtained. The results for a given set of samples are set forth below in Table 3, where the numbers represent the percent of original activity that was recovered upon rehydration. The “solution” column provides the amount of viable cells in a given preservation medium, with the amount of viable cells in the “cells alone” sample being defined as 100%. TABLE 3 % water T_(g) Vacuum Dried Freeze Dried Sample by KF (° C.) Solution Frozen Time = 3 19 days 95 days Time = 0 21 days 48 days 92 days Cells Alone 0.8 47 100 10 0 NA NA 22 0 NA NA 20% Trehalose + thio 0.7 88 105 104 9 NA NA 50 10 NA NA 20% Trehalose + thio² + 5.3 32 * 105 68 78 50 44 27 15  5 NaH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(0.5)¹, pH 6.6 20% Trehalose + thio + 3.2 85 105 114 75 89 70 66 63 55 48 NaH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1), pH 6.6 20% Trehalose + thio + 1.6 46  87 87 51 59  5 69 41 27 13 NaH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1), pH 6.6 + Methanol 20% Trehalose + thio + 3.5 82  97 110 70 63 54 70 60 61 49 NaH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1), pH 6.6  5% Trehalose + thio + 3.8 44 108 110 35 19 27 51 26  9 NA NaH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1), pH 6.6

EXAMPLE 4

[0093] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, using varying amounts of trehalose and different phosphate ion sources in the preservation medium, with the exception that the freeze-dried samples were dried to a temperature of 50° C. In two samples, ethanol was added as a drying agent to the preservation medium, while in one sample, the L. acidophilus cells were “washed” (centrifuged, decanted and resuspended) to remove residual growth medium. Media containing different buffers were also tested. The results for a given set of samples are set forth below in Table 4, where the numbers represent the percent of original activity that was recovered upon rehydration. The “solution” column provides the amount of viable cells in a given preservation medium, with the amount of viable cells in the “cells alone” sample being defined as 100%. TABLE 4 Vacuum Dried Freeze Dried³ Sample Solution Frozen Time = 0 40 days 68 days Time = 0 14 days 40 days 68 days Cells Alone 100 116 0 NA 36 0 NA   20% Trehalose + thio² 89 98 22  8 73 28  4 17.5% Trehalose + thio + KH₂PO₄/ 101 120 41 55 65 85 23 22 7 K₂HPO₄(1)¹, pH 6.5 17.5% Trehalose + thio + KH₂PO₄/ 98 112 0 NA 48 9 NA K₂HPO₄(1), pH 6.5 + Ethanol (1 mol/mol P) 17.5% Trehalose + thio + KH₂PO₄/ 89 95 0 NA 14 0 NA K₂HPO₄(1), pH 6.5 + Ethanol (2 mol/mol P)   20% Trehalose + thio + K₂HPO₄(1) 106 97 55 44 30 77 50 63 54   20% Trehalose + thio + K₂HPO₄(1) + citric 59 49 4 NA 47 15 27 29 acid/NH3OH buffering   20% Trehalose + thio + K₂HPO₄(1) + lactic 59 48 3 NA 27 6 NA acid/NH3OH buffering 17.5% Trehalose + thio + KH₂PO₄/ 97 122 40 41 24 80 30 20 6 K₂HPO₄(1), pH 6.5 Washed Cells

EXAMPLE 5

[0094] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, using trehalose, phosphate ions, and various antioxidants or no antioxidant, with the exception that the samples were freeze-dried to a temperature of 50° C. The results for a given set of samples are set forth below in Table 5, where the numbers represent percent of original activity that was recovered upon rehydration. The “solution” column provides the amount of viable cells in a given preservation medium, with the amount of viable cells in the “cells alone” sample being defined as 100%. TABLE 5 Vacuum Dried Freeze Dried³ Sample Solution Frozen Time = 0 9 days 25 days Time = 0 9 days 25 days Cells Alone 100 100 0 0 0 1 0 0 20% Trehalose + KH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1)^(1,3) 99 85 25 30 15 65 51 33 20% Trehalose + KH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1)^(1,3) + 80 71 46 35 20 73 42 19 thio² 20% Trehalose + KH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1)^(1,3) + 95 82 33 30 16 61 38 25 ascorbic acid 20% Trehalose + KH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1)^(1,3) + 80 75 16 24 11 49 17 3 citric acid 20% Trehalose + KH₂PO₄/K₂HPO₄(1)^(1,3) + sodium citrate

EXAMPLE 6

[0095] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, with the exceptions that a Pediococcus species was substituted for L. acidophilus cells, and the freeze-dried samples were dried to a temperature of 25° C. or further dried to 50° C. The results for a given set of samples are set forth below in Table 6, where the numbers represent percent of original activity that was recovered upon rehydration. The “solution” column provides the amount of viable cells in a given preservation medium, with the amount of viable cells in the “cells alone +thio” sample being defined as 100%. TABLE 6 Freeze Dried Freeze Dried Vacuum Dried T_(final) = 25 C. T_(final) = 50 C. T_(final) = 25 C. T_(final) = 50 C. Sample Solution Frozen Time = 0 31 days 60 days Time = 0 Time = 0 31 days 60 days 31 days 59 days Cells Alone + thio 100 118 73 62 75 96 73 5 2 20% Trehalose + 121 121 84 61 32 117 115 55 19 48 25 thio² 20% Trehalose + 114 113 104 95 89 100 113 96 78 97 97 thio + KH₂PO₄/ K₂HPO₄(1)^(1,3) 20% Trehalose + 102 122 99 93 81 118 94 75 65 88 81 KH₂PO₄/ K₂HPO₄(1)^(1,3) +  2% Citric Acid

EXAMPLE 7

[0096] L-Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27, Type II, rabbit muscle) was dialyzed overnight at 4° C. in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.5. The total protein content was assayed using SIGMA DIAGNOSTIC, a protein determination kit purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.), using the modified biuret method of Ohnishi and Barr, “Simplified Method for Quantitating Protein using the Biuret and Phenol Reagents,” Analytical Biochem. 86:193-200 (1978). The protein assay was conducted at the characteristic absorption at 725 nm at room temperature using a Varian UV Spectrophotometer. The reaction mixture contained 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), 0.150 mM NADH, and 1.20 mM pyruvic acid.

[0097] To prepare the samples, the dialyzed LDH was diluted with the same potassium phosphate buffer that had been used for dialysis. The resulting enzyme solution had a phosphate ion concentration of 100 mM, and a LDH concentration of 50 μg/ml. Three sets of protectant mixtures were then made. The mixture sets had a trehalose concentration of 200 mM, 400 mM and 600 mM, respectively. Each mixture set consisted of four separate protectant samples, containing phosphate ions in a concentration of 100 mM, 300 mM, 500 mM and 700 mM, respectively. These samples were made by dissolving the trehalose in an aqueous phosphate solution containing a given amount of phosphate ions.

[0098] Two milliliters of the LDH solution were then mixed with 2 ml of each of the twelve protectant mixtures to provide 4 ml solutions of aqueous preservation media having a trehalose concentration of either 100 mM, 200 mM, or 300 mM, LDH concentration of 25 μg/ml, and phosphate ion concentrations of 100 mM, 200 mM, 300 mM or 400 mM. The above sample preparation is shown in Table 7. TABLE 7 Sample 1 2 3 4 (Set 1) Enzyme Solution  50 μg/ml LDH  50 μg/ml LDH  50 μg/ml LDH  50 μg/ml LDH 100 mM 100 mM 100 mM 100 mM Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Cryoprotective 200 mM 200 mM 200 mM 200 mM Solution Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose 100 mM 100 + 200 mM 100 + 400 mM 100 + 600 mM Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Mixture Solution  25 μg/ml LDH  25 μg/ml LDH  25 μg/ml LDH  25 μg/ml LDH 100 mM 100 mM 100 mM 100 mM Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose 100 mM 200 mM 300 mM 400 mM Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate (Set 2) Enzyme  50 μg/ml LDH  50 μg/ml LDH  50 μg/ml LDH  50 μg/ml LDH Solution 100 mM 100 mM 100 mM 100 mM Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Cryoprotective 400 mM 400 mM 400 mM 400 mM Solution Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose 100 mM 100 + 200 mM 100 + 400 mM 100 + 600 mM Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Mixture  25 μg/ml LDH  25 μg/ml LDH  25 μg/ml LDH  25 μg/ml LDH Solution 200 mM 200 mM 200 mM 200 mM Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose 100 mM 200 mM 300 mM 400 mM Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate (Set 3) Enzyme  50 μg/ml LDH  50 μg/ml LDH  50 μg/ml LDH  50 μg/ml LDH Solution 100 mM 100 mM 100 mM 100 mM Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Cryoprotective 600 mM 600 mM 600 mM 600 mM Solution Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose 100 mM 100 + 200 mM 100 + 400 mM 100 + 600 mM Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Mixture  25 μg/ml LDH  25 μg/ml LDH  25 μg/ml LDH  25 μg/ml LDH Solution 300 mM 300 mM 300 mM 300 mM Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose 100 mM 200 mM 300 mM 400 mM Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate

[0099] Forty-eight vials were then prepared for each of the above samples of preservation media. Each vial was labeled and weighed, and 1 ml of preservation medium was pipetted into each vial. Each vial was then reweighed. The samples were then frozen by immersion of the vials in liquid nitrogen (“quench”) or by placement in the freeze-dryer on precooled shelves at a temperature no greater than −45° C. (“slow freeze”). All of the freeze-dried samples were subjected to the following freeze-drying protocol in a Virtis 12EL freeze-dryer, where all pressures and temperatures are set points. After the samples were placed in the freeze-dryer as discussed above, the freeze-dryer was evacuated with a pressure of 0 mtorr. The samples were held at −45° C. and 0 mtorr for 600 minutes, after which the temperature and lo pressure were increased to −40° C. and 20 mtorr, respectively, over a period of 50 minutes. The samples where then held at −40° C. and 20 mtorr for 600 minutes. The temperature was then increased to −35° C. over a period of 50 minutes, and the samples were then held at −35° C. and 20 mtorr for 600 minutes. The temperature and pressure were next increased to −30° C. and 50 mtorr, respectively, over 50 minutes and the samples were then held at −30° C. and 50 mtorr for 600 minutes. At the end of that period of time, the temperature and pressure were increased to −25° C. and 100 mtorr, respectively, over 50 minutes, and the samples were held at −25° C. and 100 mtorr for 600 minutes. The temperature was then increased to −20° C. over 50 minutes, and the samples were then held at −20° C. and 100 mtorr for 600 minutes. The temperature was next increased to −10° C. over 100 minutes, and the samples were held at that temperature and 100 mtorr for 600 minutes.

[0100] The samples were then increased to a temperature of 25° C. at 50 mtorr over a period of 700 minutes. The samples were then held at the final temperature at 0 mtorr for 2140 minutes until unloading. The freeze dryer was then vented with nitrogen gas, and the preserved LDH samples in the vials were removed and measured for LDH activity. Before the activity was measured, each sample was weighed to determine the amount of water loss, and rehydrated with purified water (MilliQ System from Millipore Corp.) in the amount of the water that was lost. LDH activity was then determined using the same method discussed previously.

[0101] The results for a given set of samples are set forth in FIG. 1 (freeze-drying) and FIG. 2 (freezing).

EXAMPLE 8

[0102] L-Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27, Type II, rabbit muscle) was dialyzed overnight at 4° C. in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.5. The total protein content was assayed using SIGMA DIAGNOSTIC, a protein determination kit purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.), using the modified biuret method of Ohnishi and Barr, “Simplified Method for Quantitating Protein using the Biuret and Phenol Reagents,” Analytical Biochem. 86:193-200 (1978). The protein assay was conducted at the characteristic absorption at 725 nm at room temperature using a Varian UV Spectrophotometer. The reaction mixture contained 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH7.5), 0.150 mM NADH, and 1.20 mM pyruvic acid.

[0103] To prepare the samples, LDH was added to four 50 ml containers and diluted with the same potassium phosphate buffer that had been used for dialysis to make a 25 ml solution. In each of the samples, the enzyme concentration was 50 μg/ml. Four protectant mixtures having a volume of 25 ml were then prepared in 50 ml containers. Each mixture contained 400 mM of trehalose, and varying amounts of phosphate ion. To make the first mixture (reference), the trehalose was dissolved in 10 mM potassium phosphate solution. For the second mixture, the trehalose was dissolved in 100 mM potassium phosphate solution. The third and fourth mixtures were made by dissolving the trehalose in 500 mM potassium phosphate solution and 900 mM potassium phosphate solution, respectively.

[0104] The LDH samples were then mixed with the protectant mixtures to provide 50 ml solutions of aqueous preservation media having a LDH concentration of 25 μg/ml, a trehalose concentration of 200 mM and varying LDH and phosphate ion concentrations. The phosphate ion concentration for samples 1-4 was 10 mM, 100 mM, 300 mM, and 500 mM, respectively, for a phosphate ion to trehalose molar ratio of 0.05 for Sample 1, 0.5 for Sample 2, 1.5 for Sample 3, and 2.5 for Sample 4. The above sample preparation is shown below in Table 8. TABLE 8 Sample 1 2 3 4 LDH Solution  50 μg/ml LDH  50 μg/ml LDH  50 μg/ml LDH  50 μg/ml LDH 10 mM 100 mM 100 mM 100 mM Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Protectant Mixture 400 mM 400 mM 400 mM 400 mM Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose 10 mM 100 mM 500 mM 900 mM Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Preservation  25 μg/ml LDH  25 μg/ml LDH  25 μg/ml LDH  25 μg/ml LDH Medium 200 mM 200 mM 200 mM 200 mM Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose Trehalose 10 mM 100 mM 300 mM 500 mM Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate

[0105] Forty vials were then prepared for each of the above four samples of preservation media. Each vial was labeled and weighed, and 1 ml of preservation medium was pipetted into each vial. Each vial was then reweighed. The samples were then freeze-dried using the same protocol as described in Example 7. After freeze-drying was complete, the preserved LDH samples in the vials were removed, the vials were sealed, and stored in either a 37° C. incubator, a 30° C. incubator or at 4° C. in a refrigerator.

[0106] LDH activity was then measured periodically for the samples. Before the activity was measured, each sample was weighed to determine the amount of water loss, and rehydrated with purified water (MilliQ System from Millipore Corp.) in the amount of the water that was lost. LDH activity was then determined using the same method discussed previously.

[0107] The results for a given set of samples are set forth in FIGS. 3-5, where “Z” is the molar ratio of phosphate ions to trehalose.

EXAMPLE 9

[0108] The procedure of Example 1 was repeated. The results are set forth below in Table 9, where the numbers represent percent of original activity that was recovered upon rehydration. The “solution” column provides the amount of viable cells in a given preservation medium, with the amount of viable cells in the “cells alone” sample being defined as 100%. TABLE 9 Freeze Dried Sample Solution Frozen T = 3 days Cells Alone 100 105 0 20% Trehalose 91 89 11 20% Trehalose + thio² 89 77 8 20% Trehalose + KH₂PO₄/ 72 78 39 K₂HPO₄(1)¹, pH6.4 20% Trehalose + thio + KH₂PO₄/ 54 61 41 K₂HPO₄(1), pH6.4 Cells + KHPO₄/ 89 90 7 K₂HPO₄ (Same phosphate per g cells as Samples 4, 5 above) 20% Trehalose + thio + K₂HPO₄(1) 75 81 39

EXAMPLE 10

[0109] Aqueous protectant mixtures containing 7.5% of sucrose or trehalose on a molar basis and varying amounts of phosphate ions provided by either potassium monophosphate or potassium diphosphate were prepared, and 25 microliters of each mixture was sealed into an aluminum Differential Scanning Calorimetry pan. The samples were then quenched by immersion in liquid nitrogen and loaded into the Differential Scanning Calorimeter, which had been precooled to −140° C. The samples were then scanned at a rate of 5° C./min to a temperature of 50° C., and the glass transition temperature (Tg) was determined. The results for each sample are shown in FIG. 6.

EXAMPLE 11

[0110] Aqueous protectant mixtures containing 45 mM trehalose and varying amounts of phosphate ions (0 to 90 mM) were prepared. Platelets were added at a concentration of approximately 1.1×10⁹ cells/ml. The mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 3 hours and then centrifuged to remove the first buffer. The sedimented cells were then resuspended in a second buffer containing varying amounts of trehalose (45 to 150 mM), human serum albumin (5% by weight), sodium chloride (142.5 mM), HEPES (9.5 mM), potassium chloride (4.8 mM), magnesium chloride (1 mM), and varying amounts of phosphate (0 to 90 mM) at a concentration of 2.2×10⁹ cells/ml and kept frozen at −80° C. or freeze-dried.

EXAMPLE 12

[0111] The frozen or freeze-dried cells of Example 11 were then rehydrated and tested to demonstrate the viability of the cells. The frozen or freeze-dried cells were incubated under saturating (100% relative) humidity at 37° C. for 2-3 hours to prehydrate. Water and platelet-poor plasma were added to cells in a 1:3:1 predried volume ratio.

[0112] The cells were subjected to an aggregation test which tested the ability of platelets to clump together and cause blood clotting. In the aggregation test, transmission of light through the sample was measured before and after thrombin was added to the sample. As aggregation increased, transmission increased. Results from the aggregation test for frozen and freeze-dried cells are shown in Tables 10 and 11 and FIGS. 7 and 8. TABLE 10 Percent Aggregation for Frozen Platelets Trehalose + Trehalose + 45 mM Trehalose 45 mM 90 mM Phosphate No Buffer Only Phosphate Phosphate Only Cells 0.0% 90% 92% 97% 72% frozen for 2 days Cells 0.0% 28% 34% 85% 28% frozen for 38 days

[0113] TABLE 11 Percent Aggregation for Freeze-Dried Platelets Trehalose + Trehalose + Trehalose + No Trehalose 20 mM 45 mM 90 mM Buffer Only Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Cells immediately after  21% 95% 89% 88% 0% freeze-drying Cells freeze-dried & 0.0% 88% 78% 91% 0% stored for 31 days

[0114] The cells were also subjected to an alamarBlue® test. alamarBlue® is an indicator dye formulated to quantitatively measure the metabolic activity of cells. In the alamarBlue® assay, alamarBlue® was added to the rehydrated cells and the resulting solution was incubated at 37° C. for 6 hours. The absorbance of alamarBlue® was then measured. Results from the alamarBlue® test are shown in FIG. 9. 

1. An aqueous preservation medium for preserving biological materials, comprising: (a) platelets; (b) at least one polyhydroxy compound, where the total amount of polyhydroxy compound in the medium is from about 5% to about 60% by weight of the medium; and (c) phosphate ions, where the total amount of phosphate ions in the medium is such that the molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups in the polyhdroxy compound is from about 0.025 to about 0.625.
 2. The aqueous preservation medium of claim 1, where the pH of the medium is from about 5 to about
 10. 3. The aqueous preservation medium of claim 1, where the polyhydroxy compound is selected from a group consisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
 4. The aqueous preservation medium of claim 3, where the polyhydroxy compound is trehalose.
 5. The aqueous preservation medium of claim 1, where the total amount of polyhydroxy compound in the medium is from about 10% to about 30% by weight of the medium.
 6. The aqueous preservation medium of claim 3, where the total amount of polyhydroxy compound in the medium is from about 10% to about 30% by weight of the medium.
 7. The aqueous preservation medium of claim 1, where the molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound is from about 0.0375 to about 0.625.
 8. The aqueous preservation medium of claim 1, further comprising albumin.
 9. The aqueous preservation medium for preserving biological materials, comprising: (a) platelets; (b) trehalose, where the trehalose is present in an amount from about 5% to about 60% by weight of the medium; and (c) phosphate ions, where the total amount of phosphate ions in the medium is such that the molar ration of phosphate ions to trehalose is from about 0.2 to about
 5. 10. The aqueous preservation medium of claim 9, where the trehalose is present in an amount from about 10% to about 30% by weight of the medium.
 11. The aqueous preservation medium of claim 10, where the pH is from about 5 to about
 10. 12. The aqueous preservation medium of claim 9, where the molar ratio of phosphate ions to trehalose is from about 0.3 to about
 5. 13. A method of preparing a preserved biological material composition, comprising: (a) forming an aqueous preservation medium comprising (i) platelets; (ii) at least one polyhydroxy compound, where the total amount of polyhydroxy compound in the medium is from about 5% to about 60% by weight of the medium; and (iii) phosphate ions, where the total amount of phosphate ions in the medium is such that the molar ratio of phosphate ions to moles of hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound is from about 0.025 to about 0.625; and (b) preserving the aqueous preservation medium using at least one preservation process.
 14. The method of claim 13, where the preservation processes are one or more processes selected from the group consisting of freezing, freeze-drying, ambient-air drying, vacuum-drying, and spray drying.
 15. The method of claim 13, where the polyhydroxy compound is selected from a group consisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
 16. The method of claim 13, where the polyhydroxy compound is trehalose.
 17. The method of claim 13, where the total amount of polyhydroxy compound in the medium is from about 10% to about 30% by weight of the medium.
 18. The method of claim 13, where the molar ratio of phosphate ions to moles of hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound is from about 0.0375 to about 0.625.
 19. The method of claim 13, where the medium further comprises albumin.
 20. A method of preparing a preserved biological material composition comprising: (a) forming an aqueous preservation medium comprising (i) platelets; (ii) trehalose where the total amount of polyhydroxy compound in the medium is from about 5% to about 60% by weight of the medium; and (iii) phosphate ions, where the total amount of phosphate ions in the medium is such that the molar ratio of phosphate ions to trehalose is from about 0.2 to about 5; and (b) preserving the aqueous preservation medium using at least one preservation process.
 21. The method of claim 20, where the preservation processes are one or more processes selected from the group consisting of freezing, freeze-drying, ambient-air drying, vacuum-drying, and spray drying.
 22. The method of claim 20, where the trehalose is present in an amount from about 10% to about 30% by weight of the medium.
 23. The method of claim 22, where the pH is from about 5 to about
 10. 24. The method of claim 23, where the molar ratio of phosphate ions to trehalose is from about 0.3 to about
 5. 25. A preserved biological material composition comprising: (a) platelets; (b) at least one polyhydroxy compound, where the total amount of polyhydroxy compound in the composition is about 30% to about 60% by weight of the composition; and (c) phosphate ions, where the total amount of phosphate ions in the composition is about 2 to about 20% by weight of the composition.
 26. The preserved biological material composition of claim 25, further comprising human serum albumin, where the total amount of human serum albumin in the composition is from about 30 to about 50% by weight of the composition.
 27. The preserved biological material composition of claim 25, wherein the polyhydroxy compound is trehalose.
 28. A preserved biological material composition, comprising: (a) platelets; (b) at least one polyhydroxy compound, where the total amount of polyhydroxy compound is about 0.36 to about 60 percent by weight of the medium; and (c) phosphate ions, where the total amount of phosphate ions is such that the molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound is about 0.01 to about 0.625.
 29. The preserved biological material composition of claim 28, wherein the polyhydroxy compound is trehalose.
 30. The preserved biological material composition of claim 28, further comprising albumin.
 31. An aqueous preservation medium for preserving biological materials, comprising: (a) platelets; (b) at least one polyhydroxy compound, where the concentration polyhydroxy compound in the medium is from about 10 mM to about 300 mM; and (c) phosphate ions, where the concentration of phosphate ions in the medium is about 5 mM to about 90 mM.
 32. The aqueous preservation medium of claim 31, further comprising albumin.
 33. The aqueous preservation medium of claim 31, wherein the polyhydroxy compound is trehalose.
 34. A method of preparing a preserved biological material composition, comprising: (a) incubating platelets in a first medium comprising (i) at least one polyhydroxy compound, where the concentration of polyhydroxy compound is from about 20 to about 500 mM; and (ii) phosphate ions, where the concentration of phosphate ions is from about 5 to about 90 mM; (b) removing the first medium; (c) adding the incubated platelets to a second medium comprising (i) at least one polyhydroxy compound, where the concentration of polyhydroxy compound is from about 20 mM to about 500 mM; and (ii) phosphate ions, where the concentration of polyhydroxy compound is from about 5 to about 90 mM phosphate ions, wherein the molar ratio of phosphate ions to hydroxyl groups in the polyhydroxy compound is about 0.01 to about 0.625 in the preserved biological material composition; and (d) preserving the resulting composition using at least one preservation process.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the second medium further comprises albumin.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the amount of albumin is from about 1% to about 10% by weight of the medium.
 37. The method of claim 31, wherein the preservation process is freezing. 